excellence of the month of Ramadan
Abu Huraira ra (who lived during the Prophet’s time) reported Allah's Messenger, Muhammad (may peace be upon him) as saying:
“When there comes the month of Ramadan, the gates of mercy are opened, and the gates of Hell are locked and the devils are chained”.
fasting in Ramadan should necessarily be commenced with the sight of the new moon and finished with the sight of the newmoon if the weather is cloudy at the beginning or at the end, then complete thirty days
Ibn Umar ra (Allah be pleased with both of them) reported Allah's Messenger, Muhammad (may peace be upon him) as saying in connection with Ramadan:
“Do not fast till you see the new moon, and do not break fast till you see it; but if the weather is cloudy calculate about it (the months of Sha'ban and Shawwal) as thirty days”.
do not fast for a day or two days ahead of Ramadan
Abu Huraira (Allah be pleased with him) reported Allah's Messenger, Muhammad (may peace be upon him) as saying:
"Do not observe fast for a day, or two days ahead of Ramadan except a person who is in the habit of observing a particular fast; he may fast on that day".
the month may consist of twenty-nine days
Zuhri ra reported that (once) the Apostle of Allah, Muhammad (may peace be upon him) took an oath that he would not go to his wives for one Month. Zuhri said that 'Urwa narrated to him from 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) that she said:
"When twenty-nine nights were over, which I had counted, the Messenger of Allah, Muhammad (may peace be upon him) came to me (he came to me first of all)".
I said: "Messenger of Allah, you had taken an oath that you would not come to us for a month, whereas you have come after twenty nine days which I have counted". Whereupon he said:
"The month may also consist of twenty-nine days".
there is a sighting of the moon for every town; the sighting at one town cannot be held valid for the other town situated at a considerable distance from it
Kuraib reported that Umm Fadl, daughter of Harith, sent him (Fadl, i. e. her son) to Mu'awiya in Syria. I (Fadl) arrived in Syria, and did the needful for her. It was there in Syria that the month of Ramadan commenced. I saw the new moon (of Ramadan) on Friday. I then came back to Medina at the end of the month. Abdullah b. 'Abbas (Allah be pleased with him) asked me (about the new moon of Ramadan) and said: When did you see it? I said.: We saw it on the night of Friday. He said: (Did) you see it yourself? -I said: Yes, and the people also saw it and they observed fast and Mu'awiya also observed fast, whereupon he said: But we saw it on Saturday night. So we would continue to observe fast till we complete thirty (lasts) or we see it (the new moon of Shawwal). I said: Is the sightidg of the moon by Mu'awiya not valid for you? He said: No; this is how the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) has commanded us. Yahya b. Yahya was in doubt (whether the word used in the narration by Kuraib) was Naktafi or Taktafi.
it is immaterial whether the new moon is large (on account of appearing after thirty nights) or small (on account of appearing on the thirtieth night) ; and allah defers it to make it suitable for sighting and if the sky is cloudy, then thirty (fasts)
Abu'l-Bakhtari reported: We went out to perform Umrah and when we encamped in the valley of Nakhla, we tried to see the new moon. Some of the people said: It was three nights old, and others (said) that it was two nights old. We then met Ibn 'Abbas and told him we had seen the new moon, but that some of the people said it was three nights old and others that it was two nights old. He asked on which night we had seen it; and when we told him we had seen it on such and such night, he said the Prophet of Allah (may peace be upon him) had said: Verily Allah deferred it till the time it is seen, so it is to be reckoned from the night you saw it.
the months of Eid are not incomplete
'Abd ar-Rahman b.Abu Bakra reported it on the authority of his father that the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) had said: The two months of Eid, Ramadan and ZulHijja (are not incomplete).
the timing of fast begins with dawn
'Adi b. Hatim (Allah be pleased with him) reported that when (this verse) was revealed:" Until the white streak of the dawn becomes distinct from the dark streak" (Quran 2:187) Adi b. Hatim said: Messenger of Allah, verily I keep underneath my pillow two strings, one white and the other black, by which I distinguish night from dawn. Upon this the Messenger of Allah, Muhammad (may peace be upon him) said:
"Your pillow seems to be very large. For the word khait implies the blackness of the night and the whiteness of the dawn".
excellence of taking meal before dawn, stress on giving it preference and preference for deferring it (at the fag end of the night) and hastening in breaking it
Anas (Allah be pleased with him) reported Allah's Messenger, Muhammad (may peace be upon him) as saying:
"Take meal a little before dawn, for there is a blessing in taking meal at that time".
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